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Bovine somatotropin or bovine somatotrophin (abbreviated bST and BST), or bovine growth hormone (BGH), is a peptide hormone produced by cows' pituitary gland.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bovine Somatotropin in Milk )〕 Like other hormones, it is produced in small quantities and is used in regulating metabolic processes.〔 After the biotech company Genentech discovered and patented the gene for BST in the 1970s,〔Keith Schneider. 10 June 1990. ("Betting the Farm on Biotech." ). ''the New York Times''〕 it became possible to synthesize the hormone using recombinant DNA technology to create recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH), or artificial growth hormone. Four large pharmaceutical companies, Monsanto, American Cyanamid, Eli Lilly, and Upjohn, developed commercial rBST products and submitted them to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval.〔Bijman, J. (1996), "Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin in Europe and the USA." Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 27, p. 2-5.()〕〔Bovine Somatotropin. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives Monograph ()〕 Monsanto was the first firm to receive approval. Other countries (Mexico, Brazil, India, Russia and at least ten others) also approved rBST for commercial use.〔William D. Dobson. June 1996 (The BST Case ). University of Wisconsin-Madison Agricultural and Applied Economics Staff Paper Series No.397〕 Monsanto licensed Genentech's patent,〔 and marketed their product as "Posilac".〔〔 In October 2008, Monsanto sold this business, in full, to Eli Lilly and Company for $300 million plus additional consideration. rBST has not been allowed on the market in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Israel or the European Union since 2000. Argentina also banned the use of rBST. The Food and Drug Administration,〔 World Health Organization,〔 and National Institutes of Health〔 have independently stated that dairy products and meat from BST-treated cows are safe for human consumption. In the United States, public opinion led some manufacturers and retailers to market only milk that is rBST-free.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Statement and Q&A-Starbucks Completes its Conversion – All U.S. Company-Operated Stores Use Dairy Sourced Without the Use of rBGH )〕 A European Union report on the animal welfare effects of BST states that its usage often results in "severe and unnecessary pain, suffering and distress" for cows, "associated with serious mastitis, foot disorders and some reproductive problems".〔 Note: According to the report, ''somatotropine'', which is often used, is a misnomer as "tropic factors affect direction or extent of body movement while trophic factors affect growth". So the Commission uses the spelling ''somatotrophin''.〕 ==History== In 1937, the administration of BST was shown to increase the milk yield in lactating cows by preventing mammary cell death in dairy cattle. Until the 1980s, there was very limited use of the compound in agriculture as the sole source of the hormone was from bovine cadavers. During this time, the knowledge of the structure and function of the hormone increased. With the advent of biotechnology, one of the pioneering biotech companies, Genentech succeeded in cloning the gene for BST.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=US Patent 4880910 )〕 Monsanto had been working along the same lines and struck a deal with Genentech in 1979 to license Genentech's patents and collaborate on development of a recombinant version of BST – a process on which Monsanto would invest $300 million.〔 The two companies used genetic engineering to clone the rBST gene into ''E. coli''. The bacteria are grown in bioreactors, then broken up and separated from the rBST, which is purified to produce the injectable hormone. They published their first field trial results in 1981.〔D.E. Bauman (Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application ). Domestic Animal Endocrinology 17 (1999) 101–116 PMID 10527114〕〔Peel CJ, et al. Effect of exogenous growth hormone on lactational performance in high yielding dairy cows. J Nutr. 1981 Sep;111(9):1662-71. PMID 7277044〕 Lilly, American Cyanamid, and Upjohn, and Monsanto all submitted applications to market rBST to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the FDA completed its review of the human safety component of the these applications in 1986 and found food from rBST-treated cows to be safe; however strong public concern led to calls for more studies, investigations, and public discussions, which included an unprecedented conference on the safety of rBST in 1990 organized by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the request of Sen. Patrick Leahy.〔(Auditor's Report )〕 FDA approved Monsanto's application in 1993.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FDA page on BST )〕 Monsanto launched rBST, brand-named Posilac, in 1994. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bovine somatotropin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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